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Oniwaban (spy)
The or was a group of ''onmitsu'' government-employed undercover agents established by the 8th Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684–1751). They are sometimes described as "ninja".
== History ==
During the Edo period, onmitsu (the term meaning a spy or an undercover detective) acted as secret agents in security and espionage functions, mainly intelligence and information gathering, sometimes with aid of ''kobushikata'', small groups of lower-class agents posing as mobile manual laborers and working under Iga ninja supervisors. The oniwaban followed a strict set of regulations, which, in some cases, forbade them from socializing with the general public.
Tokugawa Yoshimune established the Oniwaban as an elite cadre of originally about 20 handpicked onmitsu, providing him with information about daimyo feudal lords and shogunate officials,〔John Whitney Hall, ''The Cambridge History of Japan: Early modern Japan'', Cambridge University Press (p. 443)〕 while also protecting high-ranking officials of the government and acting as security guards in the Edo Castle. They were possibly quartered in the garden of the castle, hence the name.
According to some sources, during the tumultuous time of the Bakumatsu revolution the oniwaban were even sent to the United States to spy not only on the shogun's opposition, but on the Americans as well.〔Joel Levy, ''Ninja: The Shadow Warrior'', Sterling Publishing Company (p. 44–45)〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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